Celecoxib (brand name Celebrex) is a prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) specifically classified as a COX-2 inhibitor.
It is primarily used to reduce pain, inflammation, and stiffness associated with various forms of arthritis and acute pain conditions.
Common Uses
Arthritis: Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (adults), and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (children 2 years and older).
Ankylosing Spondylitis: A type of arthritis affecting the spine.
Acute Pain: Short-term pain from injuries, surgery, or dental procedures.
Menstrual Cramps: Also known as primary dysmenorrhea.
Acute Migraines: Specifically the oral solution formulation (Elyxyb).
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP): To reduce the number of colon polyps in patients with this hereditary condition.
Unlike traditional NSAIDs (like ibuprofen or naproxen) that block both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, celecoxib selectively inhibits COX-2.
COX-2 is primarily responsible for producing prostaglandins that cause pain and inflammation.
COX-1 helps protect the stomach lining.
Because celecoxib largely spares COX-1 at therapeutic doses, it typically carries a lower risk of stomach upset and ulcers compared to non-selective NSAIDs.
Celecoxib carries FDA Boxed Warnings
Cardiovascular Risk: Increased risk of serious, potentially fatal heart attack or stroke.
This risk may increase with longer use or higher doses.
Gastrointestinal Risk: Risk of serious bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach or intestines, which can be fatal and occur without warning.
Side Effects
Common: Stomach pain, gas, heartburn, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, dizziness, and cold-like symptoms.
Serious: Allergic reactions (especially in those with a sulfa allergy), severe skin reactions (like Stevens-Johnson Syndrome), kidney or liver problems, and new or worsening hypertension.
Celecoxib is typically taken once or twice daily with a full glass of water. It is best taken with food or milk to minimize stomach upset.