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Tree-in-bud sign

In radiology, the tree-in-bud sign is a finding on a CT scan that indicates some degree of airway obstruction.

It is a nonspecific imaging finding that implies impaction within bronchioles, the smallest airway passages in the lung. 

The differential for this finding includes malignant and inflammatory etiologies, either infectious or sterile. 

Infections include:  fungal infections, mycobacterial infections such as tuberculosis or mycobacterium avium intracellulare.

Bronchopneumonia, chronic aspiration pneumonia, cystic fibrosis or cellular impaction from bronchovascular spread of malignancy, as can occur with breast cancer, leukemia or lymphoma,  lung manifestations of autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren syndrome or rheumatoid arthritis can also cause tree-in-bud sign.

The  tree-in-bud pattern is caused by demarcation of the normally invisible branching course of the peripheral airways, which usually results from bronchioles being plugged or blocked with mucus, pus or fluid. 

The dilated and thickened walls of the peripheral airways and peribronchitis can make the affected bronchioles more easily visible.

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