Analysis of all expressed proteins in a biological system.
Proteomics : indentify and study an entire set of expressed proteins in the human body.
These sets are called proteomes, and alter over time and depict current health conditions.
Proteins mediate phenotypic effects of genomic sequence, and many environmental factors.
proteins reflect ongoing, biological processes, and can supplement information regarding health status and disease risk.
Large scale measurements of protein levels are available.
Proteomic methods can identify and quantify up to 10,000 proteins from a human tissue sample and can be used to explore pathophysiology, therapeutic responses, and manifestations of genetic variation.
Uses mass spectroscopy to analyze proteins and their modified forms.
Two dimensional gel electrophoresis can separate, fractionate, and atomize proteins extracted from biological samples.
Proteins change significantly depending on conditions.
Uses fresh frozen tissue and LASER assisted desorption to analyze spectrographically proteins by mass and charge ratio from location within the tissue specimen.
Can analyze plasma and serum specimens and compare protein expression profiles.
Estimated one and a half million proteins in the human body.
Helps identify protein peak patterns in determining prognosis in diseases.
The proteome is composed of subproteomes because each cell type has its on unique proteome.
Proteomics generates protein abundance phenotypes for cells, tissues, and organisms, and mass spectrometry is the most common technique used to measure many proteins and complex biological samples.
Proteins are digested by proteases into peptides, which are then ionized and fragmented to break the peptide bonds between amino acids, generating a spectrum of peptide specific fragmentations varying mass to charge ratios that are used to sequence the peptide of interest.
Alternatives to mass spectrometry based proteomics exist, using DNA coded affinity regions that can be read with DNA microarray or DNA sequencing technologies.
Proteoforms make up a proteome and these proteoforms are the protein variants or forms that are produced by a genome.
Genes can create an assortment of proteins with subtle differences such as a gene expressing liver, brain kidney or hematopoietic system creating all different proteoforms in the proteome.
It is estimated that the human genome in encodes 19,750 proteins.
61,770 proteoforms have been identified: estimated 50 to 100,000,000 unique proteo forms exist.
Proteome based assays can determine the species of infectious bacteria in patients and can identify proteinopathies such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
Protein based mass spectrometry can be used to measure CA 125, pre-albumin, apoliporotein A1, beta-2 microglobulin, and transferrin.