Refers to the depletion of essential micronutrients and erosion of lean body mass.
A UN report reveals almost 821 million people worldwide did not have enough to eat in 2017, up from 804 million in 2016.
Malnutrition incorporates, weight loss, low BMI, low, skeletal muscle mass, low food intake, and disease burden or inflammation.
A state in which there is a deficiency of energy, protein, and other nutrients that can cause measurable adverse effects on body and negatively impacts clinical outcomes.
Defined as subacute for chronic state of nutrition in which combination of varying degrees of overnutrition and undernutrition and inflammatory activity lead to deleterious changes in body composition and function.
Characteristics include: insufficient energy intake, weight loss, loss of muscle mass, loss of subcutaneous fat, localized or generalized fluid accumulation that may mask weight loss, and diminished functional status as measured by hand grip strength.
Malnourishment defined as unintentional loss of more than 10% of body weight or greater than 7-10 days of inadequate nutritional intake.
Severe acute malnutrition is associated with childhood morbidity and mortality sand affects more than 20 million children with severe wasting worldwide.
A well nourished person has body stores generally sufficient to provide essential nutrients, resist infection, promote wound healing and support physiologic functions for 7-10 days.
Nutritional complications of systemic illness can compromise muscle, and nerve function.
Malnutrition diminishes quality of life, autonomy, and may pose life-threatening risk because of infectious and visceral complications,
Common in critically ill individuals with 20-40% of such patients have protein energy malnutrition.
Worsens over time in patients who require prolonged hospitalization.
Protein malnutrition surrounding hospitalization associated with increased morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients.
Malnutrition including chronic undernutrition and acute malnutrition is known to have caused stunted growth in various populations.
Protein energy malnutrition associated with hospital acquired infection, impaired wound healing, prolonged recovery in patients admitted to the ICU.
Obese individuals may be significantly malnourished due to the effects of illness related inflammation on skeletal muscle.
Critical illness malnurition associated with catabolic hormonal and cytokine responses.
In critically ill patients cortisol, catecholamines, glucagon levels are increased and interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha are increased in tissues.
In the critically ill there is peripheral tissue resistance to insulin and insulin like growth factor (Burnham).
With critical illness glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis occur casing a net breakdown of skeletal muscle, enhanced lipolysis, which provide needed glucose, amino acids and fatty acids required for cellular and organ function and wound healing.
During critical illness availability of plasma substrates are diminished by the presence of insulin resistance, lipoprotein lipase inhibition and insufficient levels of certan substrates, such as glutamine to meed metabolic needs.
Common in hospitalized patients and is associated with detrimental metabolic consequences such as muscle wasting.
Common in hospitalized patients and is associated with detrimental metabolic consequences such as muscle wasting.
Associated with a higher mortality and morbidity, increased infections and increased length of hospital stay.
Randomized clinical trial’s challenge the approach of using nutritional therapies in the acute phase of illness in unselected patients.
Associated with a higher mortality and morbidity, increased infections and increased length of hospital stay.
Randomized clinical trial’s challenge the approach of using nutritional therapies in the acute phase of illness in unselected patients.
A person with a BMI of less than 18.5 kg/m2 is considered malnourished.
The mortality rate for hospitalized children with severe acute malnutrition is as high as 50%.
Severe acute malnutrition contributes to approximately 1,000,000 deaths annually, among children worldwide.
It is now recommended for treatment of uncomplicated acute severe malnutrition in children is the use of a ready to use therapeutic food fortified with peanut paste, milk powder, oil, sugar and a micronutrients supplement.
With the use of the above ready to use therapeutic food the mortality rate for acute severe malnutrition is still 10-15%.
There is a high prevalence of clinically significant infections among children hospitalized with severe malnutrition, and it is recommended that the routine use of antibiotics in such patients.
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial the addition of antibiotics to therapeutic regimens for uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition was associated with significant improvement in recovery and mortality rates for outpatient treatment (Trehan I et al).
Scurvy is one of the accompanying diseases of malnutrition as are beriberi and pellagra.
Malnutrition affects about 30% of oncological and hematological malignancy patients and is associated with higher mortality, impaired functional status and longer hospital stays.