Certain infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, can cause cancer or increase the risk of cancer.
Some viruses can disrupt signaling that normally keeps cell growth and proliferation in check.
Some infections weaken the immune system, making the body less able to fight off other cancer-causing infections.
And some viruses, bacteria, and parasites also cause chronic inflammation, which may lead to cancer.
Most of the viruses that are linked to an increased risk of cancer can be passed from one person to another through blood and/or other body fluids.
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus (HBV and HCV)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs)
Human T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)
Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV)
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV)
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
Opisthorchis viverrini
Schistosoma hematobium
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
EBV, a type of herpes virus, causes mononucleosis as well as certain types of lymphoma and cancers of the nose and throat.
EBV is most commonly transmitted by contact with saliva, such as through kissing or by sharing toothbrushes or drinking glasses.
EBV can also be spread by sexual contact, blood transfusions, and organ transplantation.
EBV infection is lifelong.
More than 90% of people worldwide will be infected with EBV during their lifetime, and most are asymptomatic.
There is no vaccine to prevent EBV infection and no specific treatment for EBV infection.
EBV may lead to cancer by causing breaks in human DNA.
Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus (HBV and HCV)
Chronic infections with HBV or HCV can cause liver cancer.
Both viruses can be transmitted via blood and from mother to baby at birth.
In addition, HBV can be transmitted via sexual contact.
It is recommend that adults who have not been vaccinated against HBV and are at increased risk of HBV infection get vaccinated as soon as possible.
Although there is not currently a vaccine against HCV, presnt therapies can cure people of HCV infection.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
HIV is the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
HIV itself does not cause cancer itself, but infection with HIV weakens the immune system and makes the body less able to fight off other infections that cause cancer.
People infected with HIV have increased risks of a number of cancers, especially Kaposi sarcoma, lymphomas, and cancers of the cervix, anus, lung, liver, and throat.
HIV can be transmitted via blood and through sexual contact.
Men who have unprotected sex with other men and people who share needles for injection drug use are at the highest risk of acquiring HIV infection; heterosexual individuals who have unprotected sex with multiple partners are at the next highest risk.
Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs)
Infection with high-risk types of HPV cause nearly all cervical cancers, most anal cancers and many oropharyngeal, vaginal, vulvar, and penile cancers.
High-risk HPVs spread easily through direct sexual contact, including vaginal, oral, and anal sex.
Several vaccines have been developed that prevent infection with the types of HPV that cause most HPV-associated cancers.
In the United States, experts recommend that children be vaccinated at age 11 or 12, but children as young as age 9 and adults as old as 26 can also be vaccinated.
Cervical cancer screening can be used to detect signs of HPV infections in the cervix.
Human T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)
can cause an aggressive type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma called adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL).
HTLV-1 virus spreads via blood, through sexual contact, and from mother to child in the womb or via breastfeeding.
Infection with this virus is more common in Japan, Africa, the Caribbean, and South America than in the United States.
Most people with HTLV-1 infection do not have any symptoms or develop disease.
Blood is routinely screened for HTLV-1 in the United States.
There is no vaccine to prevent infection with this virus and no treatment.
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), can cause Kaposi sarcoma.
KSHV can also cause primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease.
KSHV is most commonly spread through saliva.
It can spread through organ or bone marrow transplantation, and possibly by blood transfusion.
KSHV infection is generally limited to certain populations.
In sub-Saharan Africa and certain regions of Central and South America, where KSHV infection is relatively common, it is believed to spread by contact with saliva among family members.
In Mediterranean countries (Italy, Greece, Israel, Saudi Arabia), where KSHV infection is present at intermediate levels, it is thought to spread by contact among children and by ill-defined routes among adults.
Finally, in regions where KSHV infection is uncommon, such as the United States and Northern Europe, it appears to be mostly transmitted sexually, especially among men who have sex with men.
Most patients infected with KSHV do not develop cancer or show any symptoms, although those who also have HIV infection or are immunosuppressed for other reasons are more likely to develop KSHV-caused diseases.
There is no vaccine to prevent KSHV infection and no therapy to treat infection.
MCPyV can cause Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare type of skin cancer.
Most adults are infected with MCPyV, with transmission most likely occurring through casual direct, as by skin-to-skin, or indirect by touching a surface that an infected person has touched in early childhood.
The risk of Merkel cell carcinoma is greatly increased in elderly people and in younger adults with who are infected with HIV or are immunosuppressed for other reasons.
Infection does not generally cause symptoms, and there are no treatments for MCPyV.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacterium that can cause non cardio gastric cancer and a type of lymphoma in the stomach lining, gastric MALT lymphoma.
It can also cause stomach ulcers.
The H. pylori bacterium is thought to spread through consumption of contaminated food or water and direct mouth-to-mouth contact.
The CDC estimates that approximately two-thirds of the world’s population harbors H. pylori, with infection rates much higher in developing countries than in developed nations.
In most populations, the bacterium is first acquired during childhood.
Opisthorchis viverrini
This parasitic flatworm found in Southeast Asia, can cause cholangiocarcinoma.
People become infected when they eat raw or undercooked freshwater fish that contain the larvae.
Antiparasitic drugs are used to treat the infection.
Schistosoma hematobium
This parasitic flatworm lives in certain types of freshwater snails found in Africa and the Middle East, can cause bladder cancer.
People become infected when infectious free-swimming flatworm larvae burrow into skin that has come into contact with contaminated fresh water.
Antiparasitic drugs are used to treat the infection.