Hematopoietic growth factor made primarily in the peritubular fibroblasts of the renal cortex of the kidneys.
EPO gene is located on chromosome 7.
The expression of erythropoeitin and its receptor have now been found to be present in brain tissue, peripheral nerve tissue, endothelial cells, myocardium, liver, kidney, bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract.
Renal cortex sensing of hypoxia induces production of erythropoetin.
Diminished red blood cell concentration does not directly stimulate EPO production but is regulated by tissue oxygen supply.
Its presence plus other growth factors and availability of iron regulate erythropoiesis.
Hematopoietic growth factor made primarily in the peritubular fibroblasts of the renal cortex of the kidneys.
Regulates proliferation, survival and differentiation of red blood cell progenitor cells and tightly controls erythrocyte production.
A circulating glycoprotein containing 165 amino acid residues and four oligosaccharide chains.
Molecular weight 46,000 of this glycoprotein hormone.
The expression of erythropoeitin and its receptor have now been found to be present in brain tissue, peripheral nerve tissue, endothelial cells, myocardium, liver, kidney, bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract.
Renal cortex sensing of hypoxia induces production of erythropoetin.
Diminished red blood cell concentration does not directly stimulate EPO production but is regulated by tissue oxygen supply.
Its presence plus other growth factors and availability of iron regulate erythropoiesis.
An elevated EPO level with erythrocytosis essentially excludes a diagnosis of polycythemia rubra vera.
EPO levels are generally low in polycythemia vera and even lower in primary familial and congenital polycythemia.
An elevated EPO level is usually indicative of secondary/reactive causes of erythrocytosis.
If the erythropoietin level is high, or is inappropriately normal when the hemoglobin concentration is high, there may be a malignancy that is producing erythropoietin, or an abnormality in which the blood supply to the kidney tissue is inadequate and the tissue begins to produce erythropoietin.
Weekly administration to patients in an ICU decreases red blood transfusions by 19% without changes in mortality.
Improves hemoglobin, hematocrit and quality of life in chemotherapeutically treated cancer patients when compared to placebo.
May decrease survival in chemotherapeutically treated cancer patients.
Antibody mediated pure red cell aplasia rarely seen, and is associated with a low reticulocyte count, absence of marrow erythroblasts, and resistance to human erythropoeitin treatment, and erythropoeitin antibodies.
92% of cases of pure red blood cell aplasia accounted for by a European drug Eprex which was given subcutaneously.
EPO production and secretion are regulated by tissue oxygen levels.
Has pleiotropic effects in cells and tissues to include stimulation of angigenesis, and protection against apoptosis.
Blood levels inversely related to tissue oxygenation.
Levels can increase up to 20,000 mU/mL in response to anemia or hypoxemia.
Normal concentrations are up to 30 mU per milliliter.
Renal cysts and renal neoplasms sometimes produce EPO and cause secondary erythrocytosis.
Red blood cell mass is adjusted by erythropoietin production with oxygen sensors in the kidney.
Effects committed erythroid cells, promoting their proliferation and differentiation into erythroblasts.
Can stimulate the differentiation of more primitive erythroid progenitor, the burst forming unit-erythroid.
Prevents erythroid cell apoptosis.
Weekly administration to patients in an ICU decreases red blood transfusions by 19% without changes in mortality.
Improves hemoglobin, hematocrit and quality of life in chemotherapeutically treated cancer patients when compared to placebo.
May decrease survival in chemotherapeutically treated cancer patients.
Renal cortex sensing of hypoxia induces production of erythropoietin..
Produced primarily in the kidneys in the peritubular cells.
The liver may also secrete this substance, and 10-15% of production occurs there.
The liver is the primary site of erythropoietin production in the fetus.
Its presence plus other growth factors and availability of iron regulate erythropoiesis.
IL-6 and TNF-alpha inhibit renal erythropoietin production and also inhibit bone marrow erythroid cells (Anand IS).
Initially erythropoietin increases production of several types of RNA, followed by an increase in DNA activity and protein synthesis.
Erythropoietin can interact with IL-3, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, IL-1, and thrombocytopoiesis stimulating factor to promote production of mega carrier sites. decreases red blood transfusions by 19% without changes in mortality.
Improves hemoglobin, hematocrit and quality of life in chemotherapeutically treated cancer patients when compared to placebo.
May decrease survival in chemotherapeutically treated cancer patients.
Antibody mediated pure red cell aplasia rarely seen, and is associated with a low reticulocyte count, absence of marrow erythroblasts, and resistance to human erythropoeitin treatment, and erythropoeitin antibodies.
92% of cases of pure red blood cell aplasia accounted for by a European drug Eprex which was given subcutaneously.