Research has implicated gut microbiota dysbiosis as a contributing factor to T2DM pathogenesis.
Meta-analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in insulin resistance following the probiotic intervention and considerably decreased glycated hemoglobin HbA1c levels and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in T2DM patients compared to placebo.
Probiotic supplementation demonstrated favorable effects on glycemic control markers.
The findings from RCTs were heterogeneous, and some studies showed inconsistent results.
By 2019 it was estimated 463 million individuals worldwide had diabetes mellitus.
The global health expenditure on diabetes management was nearly 760 billion USD in 2019, which will continue to increase with the escalating diabetes prevalence.
The gastrointestinal tract harbors a vast population of bacteria, numbering in the millions, with a particular abundance observed in the distal gut region.
Bacterial microbes of the GI tract which together weigh close to 1500 g, may be considered a microbial organ that carries out crucial tasks: digestion, extracting energy from food products, production of vitamins, xenobiotic metabolism, production of metabolites and antioxidative role performed through the production of reactive oxygen species scavengers, metal ion chelators, enzyme inhibitors, and reducers.
Species from all three domains of life, bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea, comprise the gut microbiota
90% of the bacteria inhabiting the intestine are from the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla.
Bacteria belonging to phyla like Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia have a low abundance.
Dysbiosis can result from external causes such as food, the use of antibiotics, stress, gut inflammation, toxins, and other conditions.
Significant dysbiosis may be linked to obesity and T2DM.
T2DM patients’ gut microbiota composition differs significantly from that of non-diabetic control people, and are distinguished by a reduction in bacteria that produced butyrate.
A change in gut microbiota leads to the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, and subsequently T2DM.
A meta-analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in insulin resistance following the probiotic intervention, and considerably decreased glycated hemoglobin HbA1c levels and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in T2DM patients compared to placebo.
Probiotics are clinically effective in the treatment of T2DM.
Probiotic supplementation demonstrated favorable effects on glycemic control markers.
By 2045, 700 million individuals worldwide are expected to have diabetes mellitus, up from 463 million in 2019.
The global health expenditure on diabetes management was nearly 760 billion USD in 2019, which will continue to increase with the escalating diabetes prevalence.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the prevailing manifestation of diabetes, constituting approximately 90% of the global incidence of this disease.
Gut microbes, which together weigh close to 1500 g, may be considered a microbial organ that carries out crucial tasks that the human body is unable to do on its own: digestion, extracting energy from food products, production of vitamins, xenobiotic metabolism, production of metabolites and antioxidative role performed through the production of reactive oxygen species scavengers, metal ion chelators, enzyme inhibitors, and reducers.
Species from all three domains of life, bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea, comprise the gut microbiota.
90% of the bacteria inhabiting the human intestine are members of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla.
Furthermore, bacteria belonging to phyla like Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia have a low abundance.
Dysbiosis can result from external causes: food, the use of antibiotics, stress, gut inflammation, toxins, and other conditions.
Significant dysbiosis may be linked to obesity and T2DM.
T2DM patients’ gut microbiota composition differs significantly from that of non-diabetic control people, by a reduction in bacteria that produced butyrate.
Changes in gut microbiota through a variety of mechanisms, including increased energy extraction from food, distorted fatty acid metabolism, particularly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), altered adipose tissue composition and sensitivity to insulin, metabolic endotoxemia, increased systemic inflammation, and intestinal permeability, lead to the hypothesis pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, and subsequently T2DM.
Data have shown an evident beneficial effect of probiotics in improving glycemia and other associated metabolic factors in T2DM patients.
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been inconclusive regarding the efficacy of probiotics in the management of T2DM.
A meta-analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in the insulin resistance following the probiotic intervention and considerably decreased glycated hemoglobin HbA1c levels and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in T2DM patients compared to placebo.
Findings from RCTs were heterogeneous, and some studies showed inconsistent results.