See ((Gender in health and disease))

Women’s health extends far beyond reproductive health.

Women’s health is recognized to encompass physical, mental, and emotional well-being.

Sex and gender differences exist in genetics, epigenomic modifiers, hormonal milieu, immune function, neurocognitive aging, vascular health, response to therapeutics and interaction with healthcare systems.

Women have specific health needs related to pregnancy, menopause and other life stages.

Menopause is an inflection point for the onset of chronic disease.

Pregnancy complications-preeclampsia, gestational, diabetes, or associated with late risk for chronic disease, development of cardiovascular disease and type two diabetes.

Women experiencing preeclampsia are much more likely than those without preeclampsia to show cognitive decline years later.

Pregnancy is one of the top causes mortality for women of reproductive age, as is pregnancy related substance abuse.

Nearly 80% of women older than 60 years and 90% of women older than 89 years have at least one chronic disease.

Several chronic diseases affect women’s health disproportionately and impair their quality of life including: autoimmune diseases mental health disorders, diabetes, osteoporosis, and dementia.

Women account for nearly 80% of the US population with an auto immune disease, and more than 80 auto immune diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality for young and middle aged women.

Cardiovascular disease, remains the leading cause of death for women in the US, with more than 60 million living with heart disease.

Women often report different symptoms than men with myocardial infarction, resulting in undertreatment and diagnosis of the process, complaining of back pressure, dizziness, or nausea.

Hypertension is underdiagnosed in women and only 23% have well controlled disease.

Women have a higher prevalence of understudied cardiovascular disease-heart failure with preserve ejection fraction.

Women with atrial fibrillation have a higher risk of stroke and cardiovascular related disease.

Women have a lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease than men, but have greater rates of death and worse prognosis after experiencing an acute cardiovascular event.

Almost 80% of the US population with an autoimmune disease occur in women and more than 80 autoimmune diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality for young and middle-aged women.

Women compose more than 2/3 of those 65 years and older with Alzheimer’s disease in the US.

With type 2 diabetes have a 5-7 fold higher rate of coronary heart disease death.

Many conditions that specifically impact a woman are often diagnosed late in the course of disease:endometriosis often takes 7 to 10 years to diagnose and is associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer.

Early age at menarche is linked to increase risk of type two diabetes, and early menopause has been associated with coronary heart, disease and heart failure.

Have a wider pelvis and increased valgus angulation at the knee and increased foot pronation may increase their risk of injury the lower extremity.

Life span averages more than 7 years longer than men.

More commonly affected by osteoarthritis and osteoporosis.

Risk factors for heart disease that we see in men are very similar to women’s risk factors.

The lifetime is one out of every two men will develop a cardiovascular event during his remaining lifetime and for women, it’s about one out of every three.

One in 8 women will develop, and one in 25 will die of breast cancer.

One in three women will die of coronary heart disease and one in six women will die of stroke.

Heart disease is the leading cause of mortality.

Heart disease responsible for one in every four female deaths.

Because of the differences between men and women in the presentation and manifestation of coronary heart disease, it is still overlooked and underrecognized in women.

Increasing rates of hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes and coronary artery disease in younger women may reflect increasing rates of obesity.

Women have a lower rate of statin use, coronary reperfusion and guideline based cardiovascular care.

Women have higher rates of microvascular Coronary artery disease, Takotsubo disease, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Pregnant women with a history of hypertensive disease of pregnancy are at great risk of cardiovascular disease-related mortality.

Evidence suggests certain reproductive health conditions such as menstrual irregularities, recurrent miscarriage, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, preterm delivery, small for gestational age babies, ensuring the reproductive lifespan are related to elevated long-term cardiovascular disease risk.

Marked progress has occurred in preventing and managing breast cancer.

Genetic testing with prophylactic measures and medication to prevent cancer are common place.

Advances in targeted therapy based on biologic and molecular markers have improved prognosis for patients with breast cancer.

Cervical cancer screening and HPvaccine has markedly reduced cervical cancer incidence.

Transgender women have higher rates of mood disorders, substance abuse, sexually transmitted infections then non-transgender women, yet they receive less preventive care.