Oropouche virus (OROV) is an arthropod-borne virus belonging to the Orthobunyavirus genus and the Peribunyaviridae family. (Oropouche orthobunyavirus).
It is primarily found in South America, Central America, and the Caribbean, with recent emergence in Cuba and travel-imported cases reported in the United States and Europe.
OROV is transmitted through both sylvatic and urban cycles.
In the sylvatic cycle, it is maintained between forest sloths, non-human primates, birds, and mosquitoes.
In the urban cycle, the primary vector is the anthropophilic biting midge, Culicoides paraensis, although mosquitoes can also serve as vectors.
Oropouche virus (OROV) is one of the most common orthobunyaviruses.
OROV infection causes a rapid fever illness called Oropouche fever.
The virus is considered a public health threat in tropical and subtropical areas of Central and South America.
OROV is considered to be an arbovirus due to the method of transmission by the mosquitoes Aedes serratus and Culex quinquefasciatus among sloths, marsupials, primates, and birds.
OROV belongs to the Peribunyaviridae family of arboviruses.
OROV is a single-stranded, negative sense RNA virus.
It is endemic to parts of South America, Central America, and the Caribbean, with recent emergence in Cuba and travel-imported cases reported in the United States and Europe.
It is is primarily transmitted through both sylvatic and urban cycles.
In the sylvatic cycle, it is maintained between forest sloths, non-human primates, birds, and mosquitoes.
In the urban cycle, the primary vector is the anthropophilic biting midge, Culicoides paraensis.
OROV infection typically presents with an abrupt onset of fever and non-specific influenza-like symptoms within 3 to 10 days.
Approximately 60% of infections are symptomatic.
There may be a biphasic course, with recurrence of symptoms about one week after initial onset.
Severe cases can lead to neurological complications such as meningitis, encephalitis, peri-infectious Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Diagnosis is made through detection of OROV nucleic acid, immunoglobulin M, or neutralizing antibodies in serum or cerebrospinal fluid.
There are no specific antiviral treatments or vaccines available for OROV.
Management is primarily supportive, and prevention focuses on avoiding bites from mosquitoes and biting midges.
OROV is considered to be an arbovirus due to the method of transmission by the mosquitoes Aedes serratus and Culex quinquefasciatus among sloths, marsupials, primates, and birds.
OROV causes apoptosis by DNA fragmentation. In UV-inactivated OROV, virus-receptor binding was not enough and that viral uncoating and replication were needed to induce apoptosis.