CXCL refers to the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand family.
It is a group of small signaling proteins involved in immune cell recruitment, inflammation, and tumor progression.
These chemokines play crucial roles in immune cell trafficking, inflammation, and angiogenesis.
These chemokines are crucial for regulating leukocyte migration, immune responses, and angiogenesis.
CXCL1, for example, is a chemoattractant for neutrophils and plays roles in wound healing, inflammation, and tumorigenesis by activating pathways like PI3Kγ/Akt and MAP kinases.
Members of the CXCL family are associated with various diseases, including malignancies: lung, gastric, colorectal, inflammatory conditions, and metabolic disorders.
CXCL chemokines influence tumor proliferation, metastasis, and immune cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment.
CXCLs are biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in oncology.
Additionally, CXCL chemokines like CXCL9–CXCL14 are linked to glioma progression and other malignancies.
CXCL9 is a surrogate measure of interferon-gamma.
Their abnormal expression can predict outcomes and therapeutic responses.
CXCL cytokines are a subset of chemokines characterized by the presence of a C-X-C motif, where two cysteine residues are separated by one amino acid.
CXCL chemokines are divided into two main groups based on the presence or absence of the ELR (Glu-Leu-Arg) motif:
1. ELR+ CXC chemokines, which include CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL7, CXCL8 are typically angiogenic and promote the migration of neutrophils to sites of inflammation through interaction with CXCR2.
2. ELR- CXC chemokines include CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 are generally angiostatic and are involved in the recruitment of T cells and natural killer cells, primarily through CXCR3.
CXCL chemokines are implicated in various physiological and pathological processes: Immune response: They guide the migration of immune cells to sites of infection or injury.
Cancer: They can influence tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis: CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 are involved in tumor cell migration and survival.