An aging-associated disease (ARD) is a disease that is most often seen with increasing frequency with increasing senescence.

They are essentially complications of senescence.

The term does not refer to age-specific diseases, such as the childhood diseases chicken pox and measles, only diseases of the elderly.

They are also not accelerated aging diseases, all of which are genetic disorders.

Examples of aging-associated diseases are atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, cataracts, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and Alzheimer’s disease.

The incidence of all of these diseases increases exponentially with age.

Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes.

In industrialized nations, the proportion is higher, reaching 90%.

By age 85 about 30% of humans have had cancer.

The relative incidence of cancer increases exponentially with age for most cancers, but levels off or may even decline by age 60–75, although colon/rectal cancer continues to increase.

People with progerias are vulnerable to different sets of diseases.

Those with Werner’s syndrome experience osteoporosis, cataracts, and, cardiovascular disease, but not neurodegeneration or Alzheimer’s disease.

Those with Down syndrome have type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease, but not high blood pressure, osteoporosis or cataracts.

In Bloom syndrome, those affected most often die of cancer.

Aging, or senescence, increases vulnerability to age-associated diseases, whereas genetics determines vulnerability or resistance between species and individuals within species.

Some age-related changes, like graying hair, are said to be unrelated to an increase in mortality.

DNA damage has emerged as related to cancer and numerous other diseases related to ageing.

DNA damage can initiate the development of cancer or other aging related diseases depending on the type, amount, and location of the DNA damage in the body, the type of cell experiencing the damage and its stage in the cell cycle, and the specific DNA repair processes available to react to the damage.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease that affects the eyes and can lead to vision loss through break down of the central part of the retina called the macula.

Degeneration can be classified as either wet (neovascular) or dry (atrophic).

Wet AMD commonly is caused by blood vessels near the retina that lead to swelling of the macula.

The cause of dry AMD is partly caused by breakdown of light-sensitive cells and tissue surrounding the macula.

A major risk factor for AMD is age over the age of 60.

Alzheimer’s disease is classified a protein misfolding disease.

As aging causes mutations in protein folding, causing deposits of abnormal modified proteins to accumulate in specific areas of the brain.

In Alzheimer’s, deposits of Beta-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau protein form extracellular plaques and extracellular tangles.

Such deposits are shown to be neurotoxic and cause cognitive impairment due to their initiation of destructive biochemical pathways.

Atherosclerosis is an aging disease and is brought about by vascular remodeling, the accumulation of plaque, and the loss of arterial elasticity.

Such processes can stiffen the vasculature.

The risk of atherosclerosis increases for men above 45 years of age and women above 55 years of age.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland due to increased growth that can result in incomplete or complete blockage of the bladder and interferes with a man’s ability to urinate properly.

Symptoms of BPH include overactive bladder, decreased stream of urine, hesitancy urinating, and incomplete emptying of the bladder.

By age 40, 10% of men will have signs of BPH and by age 60, this percentage increases by 5 fold.

Men over the age of 80 have over a 90% chance of developing BPH and almost 80% of men will develop BPH in their lifetime.

Most patients with invasive cancer are over 65, and the most significant risk factor for developing cancer is age.

Some of the association between aging and cancer is attributed to immunosenescence, or errors accumulated in DNA over a lifetime and age-related changes in the endocrine system.

Parkinson’s disease, a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.

The disease has many complications, including anxiety, dementia, and depression.

Parkinson’s disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60, of whom about one percent are affected.

The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease dementia also increases with age, and to a lesser degree, duration of the disease.

Exercise in middle age may reduce the risk of PD later in life.

Advanced age is one of the most significant stroke risk factors.

95% of strokes occur in people age 45 and older, and two-thirds of strokes occur in those over the age of 65.

A person’s risk of dying if he or she does have a stroke also increases with age.

Clearance of senescent cells improves multiple age related endocrine disorders.

Bone density declines with age.

By the age of 85 years, ~70% of women and 30% of men have an osteoporosis defined as a bone density less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations lower than young adults.

The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increases with age reaching close to 50% of people over 60 years old in the USA.

Atrial fibrillation Alzheimer’s disease Breast cancer Chronic cough Chronic subdural hematoma Dementia Insulin resistance Myelodysplastic syndrome Osteoporosis Osteoporotic fracture Pancreatic cysts Ph positive ALL Pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalization Polycythemia vera Prostatic hypertrophy Prostate cancer Shingles Venous diseases